1. Skin and Wound Care

• Use: Crushed leaves are applied to wounds, boils, and ringworm infections.
• Example: Among the Rabai and Duruma, the leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and used for bathing children with rashes or measles.

2. Respiratory Ailments

• Use: Leaf decoctions are used to treat colds, coughs, and flu.
• Example: In Giriama households, the leaves are boiled and the steam inhaled to relieve chest congestion.

3. Digestive Disorders

• Use: Taken as a tea to relieve indigestion, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
• Example: In Kamba communities, a mild infusion is used for stomach upsets.

4. Malaria and Fever

• Use: Decoctions of leaves or roots are used to reduce fever and manage malaria symptoms.
• Example: In Luo traditional medicine, it is part of herbal blends for malaria treatment.

5. Pain and Inflammation

• Use: Used topically or as a tea to relieve arthritis, headaches, and body aches.
• Example: Kikuyu elders use it for joint pain relief in older adults.

6. Mosquito Repellent

• Use: Leaves are burned or crushed and placed around sleeping areas.
• Example: In Turkana, dried leaves are burned in huts to repel insects.

7. Ornamental and Practical Uses

• Use: Used as a hedge, for basket weaving, and soil improvement.
• Example: In Machakos, farmers use it for fencing and making baskets1.

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